Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind
Contents
Charles Horton Cooley
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Contents
Part I -- PRIMARY ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER I
SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS OF MIND
MIND AN ORGANIC WHOLE -- CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS RELATIONS -- DOES SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS COME FIRST? COGITO, ERGO SUM -- THE LARGER INTROSPECTION -- SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS IN CHILDREN -- PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS
CHAPTER II
SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS OF MIND -- (CONTINUED)
MORAL ASPECT OF THE ORGANIC VIEW -- IT IMPLIES THAT REFORM SHOULD BE BASED ON SYMPATHY -- USES OF PRAISE AND BLAME -- RESPOSIBILITY BROADENED BUT NOT LOST -- MORAL VALUE OF A LARGER VIEW -- ORGANIC MORALITY CALLS FOR KNOWLEDGE -- NATURE OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
MEANING OF PRIMARY GROUPS -- FAMILY, PLAYGROUND, AND NEIGHBORHOOD -- HOW FAR INFLUENCED BY LARGER SOCIETY -- MEANING AND PERMANENCE OF "HUMAN NATURE" -- PRIMARY GROUPS THE NURSERY OF HUMAN NATURE.
NATURE OF PRIMARY IDEALISM -- THE IDEAL OF A "WE" OR MORAL UNITY -- IT DOES NOT EXCLUDE SELF-ASSERTION -- IDEALS SPRINGING FROM HOSTILITY -- LOYALTY, TRUTH, SERVICE -- KINDNESS -- LAWFULNESS -- FREEDOM -- THE DOCTRINE OF NATURAL RIGHT -- BEARING OF PRIMARY IDEALISM UPON EDUCATION AND PHILANTHROPY
CHAPTER V
THE EXTENSION OF PRIMARY IDEALS
PRIMARY IDEALS UNDERLIE DEMOCRACY AND CHRISTIANITY -- WHY THEY ARE NOT ACHIEVED ON A LARGER SCALE -- WHAT THEY REQUIRE FROM PERSONALITY -- FROM SOCIAL MECHANISM -- THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPENSATION
PART II
COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER VI
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMUNICATION
MEANING OF COMMUNICATION -- ITS RELATION TO HUMAN NATURE -- TO SOCIETY AT LARGE
CHAPTER VII
THE GROWTH OF COMMUNICATION
PRE-VERBAL COMMUNICATION -- THE RISE OF SPEECH -- ITS MENTAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTION -- THE FUNCTION OF WRITING -- PRINTING AND THE MODERN WORLD -- THE NON-VERBAL ARTS
CHAPTER VIII
MODERN COMMUNICATION: ENLARGEMENT AND ANIMATION
CHARACTER OF RECENT CHANGES -- THEIR GENERAL EFFECT -- THE CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES -- ORGANIZED GOSSIP -- PUBLIC OPINION, DEMOCRACY, INTERNATIONALISM -- THE VALUE OF DIFFUSION -- ENLARGEMENT OF FEELING -- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER IX
MODERN COMMUNICATION: INDIVIDUALITY
THE QUESTION -- WHY COMMUNICATION SHOULD FOSTER INDIVIDUALITY -- THE CONTRARY OR DEAD-LEVEL THEORY -- RECONCILIATION OF THESE VIEWS -- THE OUTLOOK AS REGARDS INDIVIDUALITY
CHAPTER X
MODERN COMMUNICATION: SUPERFICIALITY AND STRAIN
STIMULATING EFFECT OF MODERN LIFE -- SUPERFICIALITY -- STRAIN -- PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
PART III -- THE DEMOCRATIC MIND
CHAPTER XI
THE ENLARGEMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS
NARROWNESS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN TRIBAL SOCIETY -- IMPORTANCE OF FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLY -- INDIVIDUALITY -- SUBCONSCIOUS CHARACTER OF WIDER RELATIONS -- ENLARGEMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS -- IRREGULARITY IN GROWTH -- BREADTH OF MODERN CONSCIOUSNESS -- DEMOCRACY
CHAPTER XII
THE THEORY OF PUBLIC OPINION
PUBLIC OPINION AS ORGANIZATION -- AGREEMENT NOT ESSENTIAL -- PUBLIC OPINION versus POPULAR IMPRESSION -- PUBLIC THOUGHT NOT AN AVERAGE -- A GROUP IS CAPABLE OF EXPRESSION THROUGH ITS MOST COMPETENT MEMBERS -- GENERAL AND SPECIAL PUBLIC OPINION -- THE SPHERE OF THE FORMER -- OF THE LATTER -- THE TWO ARE UNITED IN PERSONALITY -- HOW PUBLIC OPINION RULES -- EFFECTIVE RULE BASED ON MORAL UNITY
CHAPTER XIII
WHAT THE MASSES CONTRIBUTE
THE MASSES THE INITIATORS OF SENTIMENT -- THEY LIVE IN THE CENTRAL CURRENT OF EXPERIENCE -- DISTINCTION OR PRIVILEGE APT TO CAUSE ISOLATION -- INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER OF UPPER CLASSES -- THE MASSES SHREWD JUDGES OF PERSONS -- THIS THE MAIN GROUND FOR EXPECTING THAT THE PEOPLE WILL BE RIGHT IN THE LONG RUN -- DEMOCRACY ALWAYS REPRESENTATIVE -- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XIV
DEMOCRACY AND CROWD EXCITEMENT
THE CROWD-THEORY OF MODERN LIFE -- THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CROWDS -- MODERN CONDITIONS FAVOR PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTAGION -- DEMOCRACY A TRAINING IN SELF-CONTROL -- THE CROWD NOT ALWAYS IN THE WRONG -- CONCLUSION; THE CASE OF FRANCE.
CHAPTER XV
DEMOCRACY AND DISTINCTION
THE PROBLEM -- DEMOCRACY SHOULD BE DISTINGUISHED FROM TRANSITION -- THE DEAD-LEVEL THEORY OF DEMOCRACY -- CONFUSION AND ITS EFFECTS -- "INDIVIDUALISM" MAY NOT BE FAVORABLE TO DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALITY -- CONTEMPORARY UNIFORMITY -- RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE -- HAST, SUPERFICIALITY, STRAIN -- SPIRITUAL ECONOMY OF A SETTLED ORDER -- COMMERCIALISM -- ZEAL FOR DIFFUSION -- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XVI
THE TREND OF SENTIMENT
MEANING AND GENERAL TREND OF SENTIMENT -- ATTENUATION -- REFINEMENT -- SENSE OF JUSTICE -- TRUTH AS JUSTICE -- AS REALISM -- AS EXPEDIENCY -- AS ECONOMY OF ATTENTION -- HOPEFULNESS
CHAPTER XVII
THE TREND OF SENTIMENT -- (CONTINUED)
NATURE OF THE SENTIMENT OF BROTHERHOOD -- FAVORED BY COMMUNICATION AND SETTLED PRINCIPLES -- HOW FAR CONTEMPORARY LIFE FOSTERS IT -- HOW FAR UNCONGENIAL TO IT -- GENERAL OUTCOME IN THIS REGARD -- THE SPIRIT OF SERVICE -- THE TREND OF MANNERS -- BROTHERHOOD IN RELATION TO CONFLICT -- BLAME -- DEMOCRACY AND CHRISTIANITY
PART IV
SOCIAL CLASSES
CHAPTER XVIII
THE HEREDITARY OR CASTE PRINCIPLE
NATURE AND USE OF CLASSES -- INHERITANCE AND COMPETITION THE TWO PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH CLASSES ARE BASED -- CONDITIONS IN HUMAN NATURE MAKING FOR HEREDITARY CLASSES -- CASTE SPIRIT
CHAPTER XIX
CONDITIONS FAVORING OR OPPOSING THE GROWTH OF CASTE
THREE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE INCREASE OR DIMINUTION OF CASTE -- RACE-CASTE -- IMMIGRATION AND CONQUEST -- GRADUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS; MEDIAEVAL CASTE; INDIA -- INFLUENCE OF SETTLED CONDITIONS -- INFLUENCE OF THE STATE OF COMMUNICATION AND ENLIGHTENMENT -- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XX
THE OUTLOOK REGARDING CASTE
THE QUESTION -- HOW FAR THE INHERITANCE PRINCIPLE ACTUALLY PREVAILS -- INFLUENCES FAVORING ITS GROWTH -- THOSE ANTAGONIZING IT -- THE PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AS AFFECTING SOCIAL EFFICIENCY -- CONCLUSION
THE NATURE OF OPEN CLASSES -- WHETHER CLASS-CONSCIOUSNESS IS DESIRABLE -- FELLOWSHIP AND COOPERATION DEFICIENT IN OUR SOCIETY -- CLASS ORGANIZATION IN RELATION TO FREEDOM
CHAPTER XXII
HOW FAR WEALTH IS THE BASIS OF OPEN CLASSES
IMPERSONAL CHARACTER OF OPEN CLASSES -- VARIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS -- CLASSES, AS COMMONLY UNDERSTOOD, BASED ON OBVIOUS DISTINCTIONS --WEALTH AS GENERALIZED POWER -- ECONOMIC BETTERMENT AS AN IDEAL OF THE ILL-PAID CLASSES -- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XXIII
ON THE ASCENDENCY OF A CAPITALIST CLASS
THE CAPITALIST CLASS -- ITS LACK OF CASTE SENTIMENT -- IN WHAT SENSE "THE FITTEST" -- MORAL TRAITS -- HOW FAR BASED ON SERVICE -- AUTOCRATIC AND DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES IN THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRY -- REASONS FOR EXPECTING AN INCREASE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLE -- SOCIAL POWER IN GENERAL -- ORGANIZING CAPACITY -- NATURE AND SOURCE OF CAPITALIST POWER -- POWER OVER THE PRESS AND OVER PUBLIC SENTIMENT -- UPPER CLASS ATMOSPHERE
CHAPTER XXIV
ON THE ASCENDENCY OF A CAPITALIST CLASS --(CONTINUED)
THE INFLUENCE OF AMBITIOUS YOUNG MEN -- SECURITY OF THE DOMINANT CLASS IN AN OPEN SOCIETY -- IS THERE DANGER OF ANARCHY AND SPOLIATION? -- WHETHER THE SWAY OF RICHES IS GREATER NOW THAN FORMERLY -- WHETHER GREATER IN AMERICA THAN IN ENGLAND
CHAPTER XXV
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ILL-PAID CLASSES
THE NEED OF CLASS ORGANIZATION -- USES AND DANGERS OF UNIONS -- GENERAL DISPOSITION OF THE HAND-WORKING CLASSES
THE MEANING OF POVERTY -- PERSONAL AND GENERAL CAUSES -- POVERTY IN A PROSPEROUS SOCIETY DUE CHIEFLY TO MALADJUSTMENT -- ARE THE POOR THE "UNFIT"? -- WHO IS TO BLAME FOR POVERTY? -- ATTITUDE OF SOCIETY TOWARD THE POOR -- FUNDAMENTAL REMEDIES
CHAPTER XXVII
HOSTILE FEELING BETWEEN CLASSES
CONDITIONS PRODUCING CLASS ANIMOSITY -- THE SPIRIT OF SERVICE ALLAYS BITTERNESS -- POSSIBLE DECREASE OF THE PRESTIGE OF WEALTH -- PROBABILITY OF A MORE COMMUNAL SPIRIT IN THE USE OF WEALTH -- INFLUENCE OF SETTLED RULES FOR SOCIAL OPPOSITION -- IMPORTANCE OF FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION
PART V
INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER
XXVIII
INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDIVIDUAL
THE NATURE OF INSTITUTIONS -- HEREDITARY AND SOCIAL FACTORS -- THE CHILD AND THE WORLD -- SOCIETY AND PERSONALITY -- PERSONALITY versus THE INSTITUTION -- THE INSTITUTION AS A BASIS OF PERSONALITY -- THE MORAL ASPECT -- CHOICE versus MECHANISM -- PERSONALITY THE LIFE OF INSTITUTIONS -- INSTITUTIONS BECOMING FREER IN STRUCTURE.
CHAPTER XXIX
INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDIVIDUAL -- (CONTINUED)
INNOVATION AS A PERSONAL TENDENCY -- INNOVATION AND CONSERVATISM AS PUBLIC HABIT -- SOLIDARITY -- FRENCH AND ANGLO-SAXON SOLIDARITY -- TRADITION AND CONVENTION -- NOT SO OPPOSITE AS THEY APPEAR -- REAL DIFFERENCE, IN THIS REGARD, BETWEEN MODERN AND MEDIAEVAL SOCIETY -- TRADITIONALISM AND CONVENTIONALISM IN MODERN LIFE
CHAPTER XXX
FORMALISM AND DISORGANIZATION
THE NATURE OF FORMALISM -- ITS EFFECTS UPON PERSONALITY -- FORMALISM IN MODERN LIFE -- DISORGANIZATION, "INDIVIDUALISM" -- HOW IT AFFECTS THE INDIVIDUAL -- RELATION TO FORMALISM -- "INDIVIDUALISM" IMPLES DEFECTIVE SYMPATHY -- CONTEMPORARY "INDIVIDUALISM" -- RESTLESSNESS UNDER DISCOMFORT -- THE BETTER ASPECT OF DISORGANIZATION
CHAPTER XXXI
DISORGANIZATION: THE FAMILY
OLD AND NEW REGIMES IN THE FAMILY -- THE DECLINING BIRTH-RATE -- "SPOILED" CHILDREN -- THE OPENING OF NEW CAREERS TO WOMEN -- EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN POINTS OF VIEW -- PERSONAL FACTORS IN DIVORCE -- INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS -- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER XXXII
DISORGANIZATION: THE CHURCH
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF RELIGION -- THE NEED OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE -- CREEDS -- WHY SYMBOLS TEND TO BECOME FORMAL -- TRAITS OF A GOOD SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS -- CONTEMPORARY NEED OF RELIGION -- NEWER TENDENCIES IN THE CHURCH
CHAPTER
XXXIII
DISORGANIZATION: OTHER TRADITIONS
DISORDER IN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM -- IN EDUCATION -- IN HIGHER CULTURE -- IN THE FINE ARTS
PART VI
PUBLIC WILL
CHAPTER XXXIV
THE FUNCTION OF PUBLIC WILL
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE WILL -- THE LACK OF PUBLIC WILL -- SOCIAL WRONGS COMMONLY NOT WILL AT ALL
CHAPTER XXXV
GOVERNMENT AS PUBLIC WILL
GOVERNMENT NOT THE ONLY AGENT OF PUBLIC WILL -- THE RELATIVE POINT OF VIEW; ADVANTAGES OF GOVERNMENT AS AN AGENT -- MECHANICAL TENDENCY OF GOVERNMENT -- CHARACTERISTICS FAVORABLE TO GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY -- MUNICIPAL SOCIALISM -- SELF-EXPRESSION THE FUNDAMENTAL DEMAND OF THE PEOPLE -- ACTUAL EXTENSION OF STATE FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER XXXVI
SOME PHASES OF THE LARGER WILL
GROWING EFFICIENCY OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES -- ORGANIC IDEALISM -- THE LARGER MORALITY -- INDIRECT SERVICE -- INCREASING SIMPLICITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE -- PUBLIC WILL SAVES PART OF THE COST OF CHANGE -- HUMAN NATURE THE GUIDING FORCE BEHIND PUBLIC WILL.
