Brock University Undergraduate Calendar

COURSES Aboriginal Studies (ABST) Accounting (ACTG) Adult Education (ADED) Business Administration (ADMI) Academic English as a Subsequent Language (AESL) Applied Computing (APCO) Arabic (ARAB) Astronomy (ASTR) Biochemistry (BCHM) Biological Sciences (BIOL) Biotechnology (BTEC) Canadian Studies (CANA) Chemistry (CHEM) Community Health Sciences (CHSC) Child and Youth Studies (CHYS) Classics (CLAS) Communications Studies (COMM) Computer Science (COSC) Dramatic Arts (DART) Economics (ECON) Education (EDUC) English Language and Literature (ENGL) Entrepreneurial Studies (ENTR) Earth Sciences (ERSC) Education Science (ESCI) Film Studies (FILM) Finance (FNCE) French (FREN) Great Books/Liberal Studies (GBLS) Geography (GEOG) German (GERM) Greek (GREE) History (HIST) (IASC) International Studies (INTL) Italian (ITAL) Information Technology Information Systems (ITIS) Japanese (JAPA) Labour Studies (LABR) Latin (LATI) Linguistics (LING) Mandarin (MAND) Mathematics (MATH) Management (MGMT) Marketing (MKTG) Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures (MLLC) Music (MUSI) Neuroscience (NEUR) Nursing (NUSC) Organizational Behaviour (OBHR) Oenology and Viticulture (OEVI) Operations Management (OPER) Popular Culture (PCUL) Physical Education and Kinesiology (PEKN) Philosophy (PHIL) Physics (PHYS) Political Science (POLI) Portugese (PORT) Psychology (PSYC) Recreation and Leisure Studies (RECL) Russian (RUSS) Science (SCIE) Sociology (SOCI) Spanish (SPAN) Sport Management (SPMA) Studies in Arts and Culture (STAC) Swahili (SWAH) Tourism and Environment (TREN) Visual Arts (VISA) Women's Studies (WISE) Writing (WRIT)
Biological Sciences Courses
BIOL 1F25 Biology: A Human Perspective For non-science majors: contemporary issues of human concern. For example, cardiovascular physiology, biology of cancer, issues in contemporary biology. Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, alternating weeks, 2 hours per week during the Fall Term. Note: Secondary school biology is not a prerequisite for this course. BIOL 1F90 Concepts in Biology Topics essential to contemporary biology, including molecular biology, biological energy conversion, how plants and animals adapt, genetics and the evolutionary process. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab/workshop, alternating weeks, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BCHM, BMED, BPHY, BSc(KIN), BSc/BEd, BTEC, CHSC, ERSC (single or combined), HLSC, NEUR, NURS, OEVI and TREN majors until date specified in registration guide. Note: 12U biology recommended. MATH 1P01 may be substituted for MATH 1P97. BIOL 1F90 is a prerequisite for most courses in the department. BIOL 2F01 Principles of Molecular and Cellular Biology Cellular processes and their relationship to cellular structure emphasizing the structure and function of proteins, membranes, cell organelles and the expression of genetic information. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week during the Winter Term. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90 and CHEM 1F92. BIOL 2P05 Principles of Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology Phenotypic and genotypic variation among individuals and related population- and species-level patterns. Population genetics, natural selection, behavioural responses, phenotypic plasticity and life history strategies. Lectures, 3 hours per week; tutorial, 1 hour per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90. Note: one-half year 1 credit in MATH strongly recommended. BIOL 2P92 Animal Form, Function and Diversity Introduction to animal diversity, basic body plans and anatomical structure of tissues and organs throughout the animal kingdom. Relationships of structures to such functions as movement, feeding, respiration and development. Evolutionary series illustrated where appropriate. Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90. BIOL 2P94 Plant Biology: Growth and Development Biochemistry and cell biology of plant cell structure, organogenesis and plant life cycle. Focussing on angiosperm adaptations to the biotic and abiotic environment. Lectures, lab/seminar, 6 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90 and CHEM 1F92 or permission of the instructor. #BIOL 2P95 Bioethics (also offered as PHIL 2P95) Value conflicts and moral dilemmas in biology and medicine. Emphasis on specific case studies in reproductive interventions, medical experimentation, concepts of "health" and "disease", modification of behaviour, lifestyle choices, allocation of scarce or expensive medical resources, and death and dying. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Prerequisite(s): one BIOL or PHIL credit or permission of the instructor. Note: may count as an elective, but not as a major credit in an Honours BIOL (single or combined) program. BIOL 2P96 Biology of Fungi Structure, development, metabolism, reproduction and evolution of fungi, emphasizing the importance of fungi, in particular yeasts, to industrial processes. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for six weeks. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90. BIOL 2P97 Human Physiology Normal human function with specific reference to circulatory, respiratory and excretory activities and their regulation as well as their more common genetic, environmental and lifestyle pathologies. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90. BIOL 2P98 Principles of Microbiology Diversity, evolution, physiology and genetics of micro-organisms with emphasis on applied, medical and environmental microbiology. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours alternate weeks. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90. BIOL 2Q04 Principles of Population and Community Ecology Ecological processes at the population, community and ecosystem levels of biological organization; mathematical models of population growth, predation and competition; factors influencing community structure, biodiversity and energy flow through ecosystems. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90. Note: one-half year 1 credit in MATH strongly recommended. BIOL 3P28 Developmental Biology Vertebrate, invertebrate and plant development. Topics include egg and sperm interaction; emergence of diverse cell types in the adult body from a single cell; genetic control of tissue and organ formation and morphological patterns in these structures; role of genes underlying the developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for 6 weeks. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01. *BIOL 3P34 Neurobiology (also offered as NEUR 3P34) Structure and function of nerve cells: Electrical properties of neurons, synaptic function and transmitters, neural plasticity and cellular basis of behaviour. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and NEUR majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01. BIOL 3P35 Comparative Animal Physiology Examination of how animals work, survive and regulate physiological processes emphasizing animal energetics. Homeostatic mechanisms of respiration, circulation, osmoregulation, thermoregulation, locomotion and metabolism in vertebrates with comparison to selected invertebrates. Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01 and 2P92. *BIOL 3P43 Applied Microbiology (also offered as BTEC 3P43) Ecology of micro-organisms and special adaptations that permit their use in biotechnology and applied microbiology. Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P98 or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 3P50 Molecular Genetics (also offered as BTEC 3P50) Topics include the genetic code and information flow from nucleic acids to proteins, RNA and protein synthesis; prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes; gene organization; transcription, RNA processing; codon usage; enhancer and transposons. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for 6 weeks. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01 or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 3P51 Genetics: Transmission, Development, Population (also offered as CHSC 3P51) Concepts of classical genetics including genetic mapping, extra-nuclear inheritance, polyploidy, genetics and development, evolutionary genetics. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for 6 weeks. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, CHSC, HLSC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01 or permission of the instructor. BIOL 3P60 Animal Behaviour Emphasis on the social context of behaviour and natural selection: the evolution and significance of visual, auditory and olfactory communication; spacing behaviour and the evolution of diversity in spacing systems; mating systems and sexual selection; development of species-typical behaviour; the development and significance of periodic behaviour patterns including endogenous rhythms orientation and navigation. Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04. BIOL 3P64 Introductory Insect Biology Field and laboratory exercises and lectures covering morphology, physiology, evolution, ecology, social behaviour and harmful and beneficial aspects of the insects. Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1F90 or permission of instructor. BIOL 3P71 Ontario Universities Field Biology Course Inter-university selections from the offerings of the Ontario Universities Program in Field Biology. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of the course co-ordinator. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04. Note: takes place at different field sites from May through August for 1 or 2 weeks durations. Registrants must submit an application with the course co-ordinator by the end of January. See course co-ordinator for application. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. BIOL 3P72 Ontario Universities Field Ecology Course Further field studies for students who have completed BIOL 3P71. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of the course co-ordinator. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04. Note: takes place at different field sites from May through August for 1 or 2 weeks durations. Registrants must submit an application with the course co-ordinator by the end of January. See course co-ordinator for application. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. BIOL 3P80 Evolution The idea of evolution and its development; scientific method and the past; classical, modern pre-Darwinian and Darwinian concepts; the history of the earth and the fossil record; biogeographical patterns; adaptation, natural selection and the origin of species; molecular evolution; evolution of specific taxonomic groups including humans. Lectures, 2 hours per week; seminar, 1 hour per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04; one of BIOL 2P92, (2P93), 2P96, 2P98. #BIOL 3P85 Ecology of a Changing Planet (also offered as ERSC 3P85 and GEOG 3P85) Impact of environmental change and human activity on ecosystems. Topics include climate change and global warming, habitat fragmentation, extinction, invasive species, conservation biology and the management of ecological integrity. Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week. Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P05, 2Q04, ERSC 2P09. *BIOL 3P90 Investigative Neurobiology (also offered as NEUR 3P90) Methods used in neurobiology and neurophysiology. Electro-physiological techniques, including intracellular and extracellular recording from nerve cells and muscle, and on theory and techniques for electro-physiological data acquisition. Other topics include intracellular staining, immunocytochemistry and assay procedures. Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01 or PSYC 2F36. Note: BIOL 3P34 is strongly recommended for students who have not taken PSYC 2F36 Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL (NEUR) 3P84. BIOL 3P91 Plant Physiology: Metabolic and Biophysical Processes Metabolism of carbon and nitrogen compounds; photosynthetic and respiratory processes; mineral nutrition; water relations; gas exchange and transport processes. Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01 and 2P94 (2P93) or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 3P95 Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (also offered as BCHM 3P95 and BTEC 3P95) Theory and practice of basic techniques in nucleic acid and protein manipulations and analysis. Lab, 6 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2F01. Note: designed for students interested in biochemistry, molecular biology and molecular ecology.
BIOL 3P96 Biometrics Introduction to the principles of experimental design and data analysis. Emphasis on practice in analyzing and interpreting biological data from a variety of different fields (e.g. molecular biology, physiology, neurobiology, ecology). Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): MATH 1P98; one of BIOL 2F01, 2P05, 2Q04. Note: recommended for students planning to take BIOL 4F90 and 4F91. BIOL 3P97 Molecular Ecology Review of population genetics and the use of molecular markers; the application of molecular genetic data to issues and problems in evolutionary biology, population genetics, and animal behaviour, including phylogenetics, kinship and population subdivision. Lectures, 2 hours per week; computer labs, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and one-half MATH credit. Note: It is strongly recommended that students take BIOL 3P80 or 3P51 before registering in this course. #BIOL 3P98 Wine Microbiology (also offered as OEVI 3P98) Identification and enumeration of indigenous micro-organisms in grape must. Alcoholic fermentation; metabolism of nitrogen compounds and organic acids; production of sulphur compounds; killer yeasts; malolactic fermentation; wine spoilage micro-organisms; genetic improvement of wine yeasts. Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week. Restriction: open to BCHM, BIOL, BTEC and OEVI majors and OEVI certificate students or permission of the instructor. Prerequisite(s): OEVI 3P25, BCHM 3P01, BIOL 2F01 and 2P98. Note: students must be a minimum of 18 years of age. It is strongly recommended that students take BIOL 3P50 prior to or concurrent with OEVI (BIOL) 3P98. BIOL 4F90 Honours Thesis Each student will undertake a limited research project involving field or laboratory study under faculty supervision. Restriction: open to BCHM and BIOL (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 75 percent major average and permission of the Chair. Note: to be taken in conjunction with BIOL 4F91. Students electing to pursue studies on non-laboratory ecological projects will be permitted to initiate their programs during the summer preceding registration in year 4, but may not include data or observations obtained as a consequence of participation in field courses such as BIOL 3P71 or 3P72. Submission and oral defence of the thesis is required. BIOL 4F91 Literature Research and Seminar Each student will undertake a detailed study of the scientific literature relevant to the topic of the honours thesis. Restriction: open to BCHM and BIOL (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 75 percent major average and permission of the Chair. Note: to be taken in conjunction with BIOL 4F90. Review will be included in the thesis and will be presented as a seminar. BIOL 4F92 Library Research Essays Each student will be required to carry out two detailed studies of the scientific literature under faculty supervision. Restriction: open to BCHM, BIOL (single or combined) and BTEC majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Chair. Note: for students not registered for BIOL 4F90 and BIOL 4F91. Results of the studies will be presented in major essays and formal seminars. One research topic is to be completed each term. #BIOL 4P03 Current Topics in Photobiology (also offered as BCHM 4P03) The interaction of light with biological molecules. Effects of ultraviolet radiation, photosynthesis, vision and photoregulation of genes and proteins. Lectures, seminar, lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one-half BCHM credit numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 4P06 Bioinformatics (also offered as BCHM 4P06 and BTEC 4P06) Genome sequencing projects, gene discovery and gene expression. DNA/RNA/Protein sequence data, including mutagenic processes, molecular evolution and systematics, codon usage, reconstruction of ancient molecules, and prediction of higher-level molecular structure. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Note: BIOL 3P50, 3P80, BCHM 3P02 and MATH 1P98 are recommended. #BIOL 4P08 Topics in Plant and Microbial Biotechnology (also offered as BCHM 4P08 and BTEC 4P08) Characterization of biochemical processes and structures. Genetic modification of such processes and structures through molecular manipulation to meet scientific and/or societal needs. Examples include yeast and microbial enzymes or enzyme systems as well as crop proteins and enzymes. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of BCHM 3P01, 3P02, BIOL 3P50, CHEM 3P63 or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 4P09 Topics in Animal and Plant Signal Transduction Pathways (also offered as BCHM 4P09 and BTEC 4P09) Perception of stimuli to effects on gene expression emphasizing the molecular/biochemical tools used to study these pathways. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BCHM 3P01. BIOL 4P10 Microbial Pathogenesis A molecular approach to microbial diseases in a variety of hosts focussing on human diseases. Topics include animal models for diseases, molecular diagnostics, identifying virulence factors and population genetics of pathogenic microbes. Lectures, /seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P98. *BIOL 4P21 Mutagenesis in Disease and Biotechnology (also offered as BCHM 4P21 and BTEC 4P21) Exploration of the various mechanisms of mutagenesis of the genetic material, how they contribute to disease, and how they can be adapted to produce new biomolecules. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50 or BCHM 3P02. BIOL 4P28 Developmental Neurobiology Principles of neural development. Topics include cell lineage and early determinative events, trophic functions, growth and plasticity, synaptogenesis and gene expression in the establishment of the nervous system. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P28 or 3P34. BIOL 4P29 Topics in Animal Physiology Recent and/or controversial research in respiratory, thermoregulatory, and cardiovascular physiology and their neural control. Topics may vary from year to year. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P35. #BIOL 4P30 Grape Pest Management (also offered as OEVI 4P30) Biology and dynamics of grapevine pest activity - insects, diseases, weeds, nematodes, vertebrates. Integrated pest management approach looking at all aspects of control chemical, biological, cultural. Application techniques, pest identification and monitoring. Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week. Restriction: open to BCHM, BIOL, BTEC and OEVI majors and OEVI certificate students or permission of the instructor. Prerequisite(s): OEVI 2P99. BIOL 4P31 Molecular Physiology of the Cell Normal and pathological aspects of cellular physiology, emphasizing bioenergetics and metabolism, responses to physiological stress, and molecular mechanisms of adaptation. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BCHM 3P01 or BIOL 3P35. BIOL 4P34 Systems Neurophysiology Neuronal networks and integrative mechanisms in the nervous system. Topics may include the visual system, rhythm generators and motor function, learning and memory. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P34 or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 4P51 Molecular Virology (also offered as BTEC 4P51) Bacterial and animal viruses. Topics include biochemical properties, virus-host interaction, productive cycle, effect of virus on host cell and organism, viral vectors and gene therapy, recombinant viral vaccines and origin of virus. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50 or permission of the instructor. BIOL 4P53 Immunology Humoral and cellular immunity; structure and synthesis of immunoglobulins; origin of antibody diversity; transplantation immunity and the importance of the major histocompatibility complex; auto-immunity and allergic reactions. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50 or BCHM 3P01. BIOL 4P56 Genes and Behaviour Genetic, developmental and environmental influences on the behaviour of invertebrates and vertebrates. Single versus locus effects and the inheritance of quantitative behavioural traits. Analyses of gene expression and genetic pathways influencing behaviour in model animals. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 3P51, 3P60, 3P80, 3P97. *BIOL 4P57 Bacterial Genetics (also offered as BTEC 4P57) Molecular and transmission genetics of bacteria. Bacterial genetics from early descriptions of transformation and transduction to current developments in molecular genetics. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P98 and 3P50 or permission of the instructor. *BIOL 4P58 Fungal Genetics (also offered as BTEC 4P58) Transmission and molecular genetics of fungi. Recent advances in gene manipulation and the contribution of studies on these organisms to general genetic principles. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P96, 3P50, 3P51 or permission of the instructor. BIOL 4P61 Natural Selection and Adaptation Topics may include fitness, selection in natural populations, life history evolution, adaptive traits, forces opposing natural selection, population structure and natural selection. Emphasis on empirical studies in current literature. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P60 or 3P80. Note: BIOL 3P80 is strongly recommended. BIOL 4P62 Sociobiology How natural selection shapes social behaviour emphasizing the evolution of co-operation and altruism, transitions between solitary and social behaviour, and comparisons of taxa from single-celled organisms to humans. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P60 or 3P80. BIOL 4P64 Insect Behaviour Selected topics in the field of insect behaviour including: programming and integration of behaviour orientation and dispersal, feeding and plant-herbivore co-evolution, chemical, visual and acoustical communication, defensive behaviour, reproductive behaviour and the eusocial insects. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 3P60, 3P64, 3P80 or permission of the instructor. #BIOL 4P80 Dendrochronology (also offered as ERSC 4P80 and GEOG 4P80) Principles and use of dendrochronology to study forest dynamics, geomorphic events and paleoenvironmental change; use of tree growth in the study of climate and environmental factors; measurement and statistical analysis of tree growth records. Lectures, lab, local field trip, 6 hours per week. Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P05, 2Q04, GEOG 2P09. BIOL 4P84 Physiology of Excitable Cells Neurons, muscle and/or neurosecretory cells at the cellular and subcellular levels. Topics include ion channel activity, patch clamp recording, intracellular messenger systems, mechanisms of neurosecretion and neural plasticity. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P34, 3P90 (3P84) or permission of the instructor.